Lean (Purple Drank)
Lean · Purple Drank · Purple Stuff · Sizzurp · Dirty Sprite
What is Lean? Culture and product variability
Purple Drank, Purple Stuff and Sizzurp are names used for drinks associated with cough medicines. Lean has a history in US hip-hop culture and online communities. These associations help professionals understand language and context; they do not establish UK frequency or justify assumptions about someone’s use. Studies describe different self-reported mixtures, sometimes including alcohol and unspecified other ingredients. That does not prove any particular ingredient is present in a local product.
Ingredients: established medicines and unverified products
Codeine and promethazine are separate active substances. UK Phenergan Elixir contains promethazine alone, not codeine. Medicines sold under similar names in different countries can have different ingredients. Ask to see the actual product information where available; treat claimed contents as unconfirmed when authenticity is uncertain. There is no evidence here that every UK Lean product contains nitazenes or another unexpected drug.
Professional considerations for young people and services
TD practice interpretation: ask open questions about sleep, distress, social context and what the person hopes the drink will do. Assess safeguarding needs without equating music preferences with drug use. Workers can record product names, reported ingredients, frequency and co-use separately from laboratory confirmation. Managers can agree routes for medicines review, youth support and incident reporting. Commissioners can seek consistent local case definitions and corroboration before drawing conclusions about scale.
Harm reduction and overdose response
Avoid alcohol and other sedatives with codeine-containing or sedating mixtures. Do not use alone, drive or operate machinery while impaired. Seek help with regular use and withdrawal. Call 999 for unresponsiveness, breathing difficulty or seizures. If unresponsive and not breathing normally, start CPR and follow the call handler. If unconscious but breathing normally, use the recovery position and keep checking breathing. Give available naloxone for suspected opioid overdose, following its instructions; it does not reverse all mixed-drug effects. Stay with the person. Do not induce vomiting or give food or drink.
What does current UK evidence show?
MHRA documented UK codeine-linctus misuse and online promotion of Purple Drank in February 2024. This review did not identify a representative UK estimate of Lean use. Social-media visibility, local accounts and codeine-related deaths cannot establish Lean prevalence or a recent national increase.
Overview
Identity, legal classification, form and pharmacological context
- Drug category
- Opioids · Depressants · Medicines
- Common names
- Lean, Purple Drank, Purple Stuff, Sizzurp, Dirty Sprite
- Typical forms
- Sweetened recreational drinks with variable medicinal or unverified ingredients. The familiar US formulation involves codeine and promethazine, but Lean is not a standard licensed medicine or a reliable ingredient list.
- Routes
- Swallowed as a drink. Sweetness, colour, branding and container size cannot establish the identity or amount of active drugs.
- UK legal classification
- Contents-dependentLean is a mixture name, not a legal class. Codeine is generally Class B (Class A in preparations designed for injection), with Schedule 2 or qualifying Schedule 5 controls. Some Schedule 5 preparations have possession exemptions; supply and production are separate questions. Codeine linctus is prescription-only following the February 2024 MHRA decision. Promethazine is not an MDA-controlled drug; the verified Phenergan Elixir preparation is a Pharmacy medicine. Medicine supply status is distinct from MDA classification. Great Britain uses the 2001 Misuse of Drugs Regulations; Northern Ireland has separate 2002 Regulations. Check the actual formulation, jurisdiction and activity.Check government source ↗
- Concise pharmacology
- Codeine is an opioid; CYP2D6 converts some to morphine, with individual metabolic variation affecting toxicity. Promethazine blocks histamine H1 receptors and has sedating and anticholinergic effects. It is not an opioid and can add impairment to an opioid-containing mixture.
Main harms
Concise clinical and polydrug picture
Codeine can cause nausea, constipation, vomiting and drowsiness. Opioid toxicity may suppress breathing and consciousness. Promethazine can cause confusion, blurred vision and urinary retention; severe toxicity can include seizures and abnormal heart rhythms.
Repeated codeine use can cause dependence and addiction, and continuing constipation can be troublesome. Injury from severe poisoning may have lasting consequences. Long-term evidence about a consistent Lean formulation is limited because products, exposure and co-use vary.
Stopping regular codeine suddenly can cause withdrawal, including restlessness, sweating, sleep disturbance, cramps and diarrhoea. Seek clinical support for a planned reduction; do not assume an unverified drink contains only codeine. Dependence can occur without the broader behavioural pattern of addiction.
Alcohol, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids and other opioids can increase sedation and breathing risk. Promethazine can intensify effects of other depressants. Risk depends on actual ingredients; there is no supported universal risk multiplier for Lean.
Variable concentration and unmeasured consumption can make exposure difficult to judge. A familiar brand or purple colour does not authenticate contents; prescription medicines and unregulated products should not be treated as interchangeable.
Current intelligence status
Assessment, confidence and direction
MHRA documented UK codeine-linctus misuse and online promotion of Purple Drank in February 2024. This review did not identify a representative UK estimate of Lean use. Social-media visibility, local accounts and codeine-related deaths cannot establish Lean prevalence or a recent national increase.
Reason: Limited confidence concerns the extent and trend of UK recreational use. Ingredient-related opioid and sedative hazards are much better established. Neither US survey estimates nor self-selected online research provides a UK denominator; labels and self-report do not verify composition.
Principal source limits: Documents misuse concerns, not a representative Lean survey. Codeine deaths cannot identify Lean exposure. The page contains an inconsistent revision-year sentence; no revision date is inferred from it. US national data and a self-selected online sample cannot establish UK prevalence. Online respondents’ geography was not collected.
Geography and reference periods are given in each linked source card below. The rating is an editorial evidence judgement, not a probability, clinical risk score or TD priority.The assessment reflects the latest linked evidence and is not a universal severity rating.
Operational implications
Evidence-supported prompts for professional response
Ask about the actual products, frequency, reasons for use, other medicines and previous adverse events. Support medicines review, non-stigmatising assessment and age-appropriate care. Commissioners should investigate corroborated local need before estimating demand from online visibility.
Record substance, sold identity, route, frequency and combinations; review overdose and withdrawal needs.
Prioritise airway and breathing, give naloxone for suspected opioid overdose and continue supportive care.
Triangulate treatment, mortality, testing, hospital and frontline evidence before assigning a local trend.
Related intelligence
Continue into connected platform evidence
Sources & limitations
Direct evidence links, reference periods and status
Codeine linctus (codeine oral solutions): reclassification to prescription-only medicine
Published20 February 2024Reference periodUK regulatory review and safety advice
Documents misuse concerns, not a representative Lean survey. Codeine deaths cannot identify Lean exposure. The page contains an inconsistent revision-year sentence; no revision date is inferred from it.Codeine and promethazine: Exploratory study on “lean” or “sizzurp” using national survey data and an online forum
Published25 March 2024Reference periodUS NSDUH 2007–2019 and online survey 2022
US national data and a self-selected online sample cannot establish UK prevalence. Online respondents’ geography was not collected.Misuse of Drugs Regulations — Great Britain: Schedule 5: qualifying preparations
Published2001 instrument, as amendedReference periodCurrent provision checked 12 October 2026
Verified against official XML. Check preparation conditions and outstanding amendments; medicines supply rules are separate.Misuse of Drugs Regulations — Great Britain: Regulation 4: exemptions from possession controls
Published2001 instrument, as amendedReference periodCurrent provision checked 12 October 2026
Verified against official XML. Check preparation conditions and outstanding amendments; medicines supply rules are separate.Misuse of Drugs Regulations — Northern Ireland: Schedule 5: qualifying preparations
Published2002 instrument, as amendedReference periodCurrent provision checked 12 October 2026
Verified against official XML. Check preparation conditions and outstanding amendments; medicines supply rules are separate.Misuse of Drugs Regulations — Northern Ireland: Regulation 4: exemptions from possession controls
Published2002 instrument, as amendedReference periodCurrent provision checked 12 October 2026
Verified against official XML. Check preparation conditions and outstanding amendments; medicines supply rules are separate.Phenergan Elixir – Summary of Product Characteristics
PublishedProduct information; emc updated 9 July 2024Reference periodText revised 19 June 2024
Applies to the licensed promethazine-only product, not unverified mixtures or imported brands. Clinician overdose management is not public first-aid advice.Lean/Sizzurp Ingredients, Use, and Coping With Mental Health Symptoms
Published2023Reference periodCross-sectional online sample; published 2023
Self-reported mixtures in a selected online sample; products were not laboratory authenticated and UK prevalence cannot be inferred.Codeine: a medicine for pain
PublishedCurrent NHS information; publication date not statedReference periodMedicine effects, dependence and withdrawal
Advice for codeine medicines; does not authenticate a recreational mixture or measure Lean use.List of most commonly encountered drugs currently controlled under the misuse of drugs legislation
PublishedUpdated 1 April 2025Reference periodLegal classification and schedules; check relevant legislation
Not exhaustive. MDA class differs from medicines supply status and regulatory schedule; exemptions and jurisdiction need checking.Poisoning
PublishedReviewed 12 June 2025Reference periodPublic emergency first-aid guidance
Public first aid; follow the 999 call handler and clinical assessment for individual cases.Supplying take home naloxone without a prescription
PublishedCurrent government guidance; see page update historyReference periodUK naloxone supply and overdose response
Naloxone reverses opioid effects only. Supply provisions, product authorisation and clinical protocols require current local checking.Benzodiazepines and opioids: reminder of risk of potentially fatal respiratory depression
Published18 March 2020Reference periodUK medicine safety advice
Established interaction, not a Lean-specific estimate of overdose probability.Pregabalin (Lyrica): reports of severe respiratory depression
Published18 February 2021Reference periodSafety review; UK reports 2014–2020
Reports and safety review support concern; spontaneous reports cannot estimate incidence.